<def-root>This frame contains verbs and nouns that communicate the act of a <fen>Speaker</fen> to address a <fen>Message</fen> to some <fen>Addressee</fen> using language. Instead of (or in addition to) a <fen>Speaker</fen>, a <fen>Medium</fen> may also be mentioned. Likewise, a <fen>Topic</fen> may be stated instead of a <fen>Message</fen>. A number of the words can be used performatively, such as <m>declare</m> and <m>insist</m>.
<ex><fex name="Speaker">I</fex> now <t>declare</t> <fex name="Message">you</fex> <fex name="Message">members of this Society</fex>.</ex>
<ex><fex name="Speaker">She</fex> <t>said</t> <fex name="Message">that I would be late</fex> .</ex>
<ex>The <t>announcement</t> <fex name="Top">about raffle winners</fex> came <fex name="Medium">across the loudspeaker</fex>.</ex> </def-root>
<def-root>The <fen>Speaker</fen> is the sentient entity that produces the <fen>Message</fen> (whether spoken or written). It is normally expressed as the External Argument of predicative uses of the <t>target </t> word, or as the Genitive modifier of the noun.
<ex><fex name="Spkr">Evelyn</fex> <t>spoke</t> feelingly about what happened.</ex>
<ex><fex name="Spkr">Evelyn</fex> made a persuasive <t>statement</t>.</ex>
<ex><fex name="Spkr">Evelyn's</fex> <t>statement</t> was quite persuasive.</ex></def-root>
<def-root>The <fen>Addressee</fen> is the person to whom the <fen>Message</fen> is communicated. When this FE is expressed, it often appears in a prepositional phrase introduced by "to", or as a direct object.
<ex>Evelyn <t>reported</t> <fex name="Add">to me</fex> about what happened.</ex>
<ex>Evelyn <t>spoke</t> <fex name="Add">to me</fex> about what happened.</ex> </def-root>
<def-root>The <fen>Message</fen> is the FE that identifies the content of what the <fen>Speaker</fen> is communicating to the <fen>Addressee</fen>. It can be expressed as a clause or as a noun phrase.
<ex>Evelyn <t>said</t> <fex name="Msg">that she was not ready to leave</fex>.</ex>
<ex>Evelyn <t>explained</t> <fex name="Msg">that she had seen him before</fex>.</ex> </def-root>
<def-root>The <fen>Topic</fen> is the subject matter to which the <fen>Message</fen> pertains. It is normally expressed as a PP Complement headed by "about", but in some cases it can appear as a direct object.
<ex>Evelyn <t>spoke</t> candidly <fex name="Top">about her past</fex>.</ex>
<ex>The teacher <t>mentioned</t> <fex name="Top">the recent campus incidents</fex>.</ex></def-root>
<def-root>The <fen>Manner</fen> of performing an action.</def-root>
<def-root>An act whereby the <fen>Speaker</fen> makes a <fen>Message</fen>.
<ex>Bilio <t>commented</t> on the paper <fex name="Mns">by scrawling innumerable post-its in a range of colors and sticking them all over it</fex>.</ex></def-root>
<def-root>The emotional or physical state of the <fen>Speaker</fen> that leads to their speaking.
<ex>He <t>wrote</t> <fex name="ICause">in bitterness</fex> of the treatment the Malloreans had given him.</ex></def-root>
<def-root><fen>Medium</fen> is the physical entity or channel used by the <fen>Speaker</fen> to transmit the statement.
<ex>Kim <t>preached</t> to me <fex name="Medium">over the phone</fex>.</ex> </def-root>
<def-root>The state of the <fen>Speaker</fen> during the <fen>Message</fen>.
<ex>Let's see if you <t>say</t> that <fex name="Dep">sober</fex>!</ex></def-root>
<def-root>The <fen>Time</fen> at which the <fen>Message</fen> is made.</def-root>
<def-root>The FE specifies the location where the <fen>Message</fen> takes place.
<ex>In some <t>remarks</t> <fex name="Place">at the National Press Club</fex>, Mr. Keating said he would make a better prime minister tha nMr. Hawke.</ex></def-root>
<def-root>The <fen>Occasion</fen> is the reason a public <fen>Message</fen> is given.
<ex>The <fex name="Occasion">New Year</fex> <t>address</t> was well received.</ex></def-root>
<def-root>Expressions marked with this extra-thematic FE indicate that the particular <fen>Message</fen> event referred to is conceived as embedded within an iterated series of similar events or states. Most expressions of <fen>Particular_iteration</fen> indicate which instance of the series is being referred to.
<ex>A further biography Shadowland by William Arnold, published in 1978, <t>asserted</t>
<fex name="par">for the first time</fex> that Farmer had been the subject of a transorbital lobotomy</ex></def-root>
<def-root>This FE indicates the <fen>Communicative_force</fen> or authority with which the <fen>Message</fen> is expressed (often denoted by words such as "officially," "formally," "technically," etc.). </def-root>
<def-root>This FE selects some gradable attribute and modifies the expected value for it.</def-root>
<def-root>The <fen>Group</fen> of <fen>Speaker</fen>s or <fen>Medium</fen>s within which the <fen>Message</fen> is made. <ex>Much would be achieved if these were more <fex name="Group">widely</fex> <t>acknowledged</t>.</ex></def-root>
<def-root>This FE describes the <fen>Message</fen> event.</def-root>
<def-root>This FE is defined as the number of times an event occurs per some unit of time.</def-root>
<def-root>The FE <fex name="Iterations">Iterations</fex> is used for expressions that indicate the number of times an event or state (of the kind denoted by the target in its clause) has taken place or held.</def-root>
<def-root>This FE identifies an event during which the <fen>Speaker</fen> produces the <fen>Message</fen>. </def-root>
Reveal_secret
Complaining
Recording
Telling
Predicting
Reading_aloud
Affirm_or_deny
Communication
Judgment_communication
Renunciation
Attributed_information
Adducing
Unattributed_information
Chatting
COD: say as a further remark.
FN: speak or write to
COD: a confession.
FN: the act of alleging
COD: claim that someone has done something wrong, typically without proof.
COD: make a formal public declaration about a fact, occurrence, or intention.
FN: the act of announcing
FN: declare, or state clearly
FN: the act of asserting
COD: declare that something exists or is the case.
COD: state or assert to be the case.
COD: assert or confess openly
COD: say something as a warning
COD: an assertion of the truth of something
COD: assert that something is the case.
COD: a remark expressing an opinion or reaction
COD: express an opinion or reaction.
FN: a usually reluctant acknowledgment of a fact
COD: an opinion or conclusion based on incomplete information.
COD: form a conjecture.
COD: assert.
COD: an assertion.
COD: a formal or explicit statement or announcement
COD: announce solemnly or officially; make clearly known.
COD: the action of denying something.
COD: cry out suddenly, especially in surprise, anger, or pain.
COD: exclamation is a derivative of exclaim
COD: make (something) clear by describing it in more detail.
COD: contemplate one's own success or another's misfortune with smugness or malignant pleasure.
COD: demand or state forcefully, without accepting refusal or contradiction.
COD: assert something to be the case.
COD: a reference to someone or something.
FN: to make reference to something
COD: deliver a religious address to an assembled group of people.
COD: announce officially or publicly.
COD: proclamation is a derivative of proclaim
COD: claim that one has (a quality or feeling).
COD: pronouncement is a derivative of pronounce
COD: a plan or suggestion
COD: put forward (an idea or plan) for consideration by others.
FN: an option for future action
COD: state again as a fact; assert again strongly.
COD: give an account of something.
COD: say something again or repeatedly.
COD: give an account of.
COD: a comment
COD: say as a comment; mention.
COD: an account given of a matter after investigation or consideration
COD: give a spoken or written account of something.
COD: utter words so as to convey information, an opinion, an instruction, etc.
FN: say something
COD: express definitely or clearly in speech or writing
COD: a definite or clear expression of something in speech or writing
COD: put forward for consideration.
COD: speak in order to give information or express ideas or feelings; converse or communicate by speech.
FN: to record a message in writing
FN: forceful statement
FN: the act of explaining, making something clear
FN: to offer a remark at the risk of being rebuffed or censured for it
COD: venture to say
FN: to say something in a manner expressing annoyance or disappointment
COD: smile in an irritatingly smug or silly way.
FN: give assurance of the validity of something.
FN: an open declaration or confession.
COD: accept or admit the existence or truth of.
FN: the action of acknowledging.
FN: express an observation, often as a side remark.
COD: say; remark
COD: deny (a statement or accusation).
COD: give a detailed account in words of.
FN: a formal proclomation
FN: a communication that addresses the speaker's or authors feelings
Fn: explain in detail
FN: communicate a story, tale, etc (support only)
FN: concede.
FN: A statement intended to convey potential danger or risk.
FN: To state either out loud or internally.
FN: (rare) state in direct or implicit contradition to preceding discourse.
FN: to make a serious statement, to announce