<def-root>A person (<fen>Speaker</fen>) expresses a <fen>Message</fen> or mental content, broadly understood, in a particular <fen>Manner</fen>. The content may be emotional, as in <ex><fex name="Speaker">Humans</fex> <t>express</t> <fex name="Message"> feelings</fex> <fex name="Medium">through words</fex></ex> intellectual, as in <ex><t>Formulate</t> <fex name="Message">the idea</fex> <fex name="Manner">carefully</fex></ex> or linguistic, as in <ex><t>Phrase</t> <fex name="Message">your question</fex> <fex name="Medium">as a comment</fex>.</ex>
</def-root>
<def-root><fen>Speaker</fen>, the person who encodes the <fen>Message</fen>, occurs as the External Argument of all the verbs: <ex><fex name="Spkr">The teacher</fex> <t>phrased</t> the question carefully.</ex> </def-root>
<def-root>The <fen>Message</fen> is almost invariably expressed in an NP Object. (The only exceptions occur with the verb <t>express</t>, which is occasionally used with that-clause complements.) <ex>The Prime Minister <t>expressed</t> <fex name="Msg">her sympathy for the victims</fex>.</ex> BUT:<ex>The Prime Minister <t>expressed</t> <fex name="Msg">that she was worried about the victims</fex>.</ex> </def-root>
<def-root>For most of the words in this frame, some expression of <fen>Manner</fen> or <fen>Medium</fen> is obligatory. As in other frames, <fen>Manner</fen> expressions characterize the action (in this case, the speech act performed by the <fen>Speaker</fen>). However, a wide range of <fen>Manner</fen> expressions occurs in this frame, including the following types: <ex>True Manner: You should <t>phrase</t> it <fex name="Manr">carefully</fex>.</ex> <ex>Illocutionary Force: You should <t>phrase</t> it <fex name="Manr">as a question</fex>.</ex> <ex>Purpose: You should <t>phrase</t> it <fex name="Manr">so that everyone understands</fex>. </ex></def-root>
<def-root><fen>Medium</fen> expresses the <fen>Medium</fen> of communication, such as the language used or the specific type of text in which the <fen>Message</fen> occurs:<ex>Kim <t>formulated</t> her objections <fex name="Medium">in French</fex>.</ex> <ex>Kim <t>formulated</t> her objections <fex name="Medium">in a letter</fex>.</ex> </def-root>
<def-root>The <fen>Addressee</fen> is the person to whom the communication is directed.</def-root>
<def-root>An act done by the <fen>Speaker</fen> whereby they achieve the phrasing of the <fen>Message</fen>.
<ex>He <t>worded</t> his response with precision <fex name="Mns">by consulting the relevant case law</fex>.</ex></def-root>
Communication
COD: express in language of a specified style.
COD: the action of expressing something
COD: express (an idea) in a concise or systematic way.
COD: the action of formulating.
COD: formulate.
COD: put into a particular form of words.
COD: express in a particular way
COD: express in particular words.
COD: the words used to express something; the way in which something is expressed.
FN: the way a text is formulated
FN: express incorrectly
FN: to covey an emotion or message in a specified manner
COD: arrange and present in a specified form or style.