<def-root>A <fen>Cause</fen>, animate or inanimate, causes a process, the <fen>Effect</fen>, to begin.
<ex><fex name="Cause">The murder of Sergei Kirov</fex> <t>set off</t> <fex name="Effect">a chain of events that culminated in the Great Terror of the 1930s</fex>.</ex>
<ex><fex name="Cause">Space email</fex> <t>sparked</t> <fex name="Effect">astronaut jealousy</fex>.</ex>
<ex><fex name="Cause">A crime surge in a former coal town</fex> <t>prompted</t> <fex name="Effect">a crackdown on illegal immigrants</fex></ex>.</def-root>
<def-root>An animate or inanimate entity, a force, or event that produces an effect. Volitionality is not a necessary characteristic of <fen>Cause</fen>s. <ex><fex name="Cause">The programme</fex> <t>sparked</t> a public outcry.</ex> </def-root>
<def-root>This Frame Element marks expressions that indicate the process that the <fen>Cause</fen> initiates.
<ex>Few things <t>spark</t> <fex name="Effect">the wrath of the British</fex> like food additives.</ex></def-root>
<def-root>This FE identifies the <fen>Place</fen> where the <fen>Effect</fen> occurs.
<ex><fex name="Place">In Obscurania</fex>, the release of the movie <t>sparked</t> protests.</ex></def-root>
<def-root>The <fen>Means</fen> is the way in which the <fen>Cause</fen> causes the process to begin.</def-root>
<def-root>This FE is for the <fen>Time</fen> when causing to start occurs</def-root>
<def-root><fen>Medium</fen> is the physical or abstract setting in which the <fen>Cause</fen> results in the <fen>Effect</fen>.</def-root>
<def-root>To what end the <fen>Cause</fen> caused the <fen>Effect</fen>.</def-root>
<def-root>This FE identifies the first <fen>Co-timed_event</fen> of the started <fen>Effect</fen>.
</def-root>
<def-root>The way in which the <fen>Cause</fen> causes the <fen>Effect</fen>.</def-root>
<def-root>This FE indicates the <fen>Communicative_force</fen> or authority with which the target operates (often denoted by words such as "officially," "formally," "technically," etc.). </def-root>
<def-root>The reason why or the way in which the <fen>Cause</fen> causes the <fen>Effect</fen>.</def-root>
<def-root>The state of the world at the time when the <fen>Cause</fen> produces the <fen>Effect</fen>.</def-root>
<def-root>Expressions marked with this extra-thematic FE modify a non-iterative use of the target, and indicate that it is conceived as embedded within an iterated series of similar events or states. In addition, most expressions of Particular_iteration indicate which instance of the series is being referred to.</def-root>
<def-root>A consecutive event to the starting of the <fen>Effect</fen>.</def-root>
<def-root>This FE denotes an event that occurs or state of affairs that holds at a time that includes the time during which the event or state of affairs reported by the target occurs and of which it is taken to be a part.</def-root>
<def-root>This FE signifies that the state of affairs expressed by the main clause (containing the target) occurs or holds, and something other than that state of affairs would be expected given the state of affairs in the concessive clause. </def-root>
<def-root>This FE identifies the <fen>Depictive</fen> phrase describing the actor or undergoer of an action.</def-root>
<def-root>This FE applies to appraisals of the event, typically a judgment of its expectedness</def-root>
Causation
Launch_process
Process_start
COD: provide the stimulus for.
FN: to cause a situation to arise
COD: evoke (a feeling or response).
COD: cause something to happen
COD: put in motion or trigger.
COD: cause to happen or exist.
FN: to cause to bring into existence
COD: bring into existence
FN: cause to occur
COD: draw forth into existence.
FN: arouse
COD: encourage or stir up (violent or unlawful behaviour).
COD: bring about or initiate.
FN: cause activity to start
FN: cause an activity to start
FN: cause activity or state
COD: apply or act as a stimulus to.
COD: incite to do or feel something, especially by arousing anger.
COD: cause to operate.
FN: to cause to give rise to
FN: to incite a response to an event