FrameNet II: Extended Theory and Practice

Josef Ruppenhofer
Michael Ellsworth
Miriam R. L. Petruck
Christopher R. Johnson
Jan Scheffczyk

Printed June 20, 2006

• 1 Introduction to the Project
• 1.1 Comparison with WordNet and ontologies
• 1.2 What do we mean by word?
• 2 Frame Development

• 3 FrameNet Annotation
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Lexicographically motivated annotation practices
• 3.2.1 Coreness
• 3.2.2 Frame element relations
• 3.2.2.1 Coreness Sets
• 3.2.2.2 Requires
• 3.2.2.3 Excludes
• 3.2.2.4 Future refinements
• 3.2.3 Null instantiation
• 3.2.3.1 Definite Null Instantiation (DNI):
• 3.2.3.2 Indefinite Null Instantiation (INI):
• 3.2.3.3 Constructional Null Instantiation (CNI):
• 3.2.4 Frame element conflation
• 3.2.5 Syntactic locality
• 3.2.6 Governing verbs of target nouns, adjectives, and prepositions
• 3.2.6.1 Support predicates
• 3.2.6.2 Copular verbs
• 3.2.6.3 Controllers
• 3.2.6.4 X-Governors
• 3.2.7 Discontinuous frame elements
• 3.3 Annotation with verbs as targets
• 3.3.1 Easy cases
• 3.3.2 Expletives
• 3.3.3 Aspect
• 3.4 Annotation with nouns as targets
• 3.4.1 Special governors
• 3.4.1.1 Support expressions
• 3.4.1.2 Existential sentences
• 3.4.1.3 Copulas
• 3.4.1.4 Controllers
• 3.4.2 Noun Compounds
• 3.4.3 Null Instantiation with Noun Targets
• 3.5 Annotation with adjectives as targets
• 3.5.1 Relational modification
• 3.6 Annotation with adverbs as targets
• 3.7 Annotation with prepositions as targets
• 3.8 Annotation relative to slot fillers
• 4 Identifying Phrase Types
• 4.1 List of phrase types
• 4.1.1 Noun Phrase Types
• 4.1.2 Prepositional Phrase Types
• 4.1.3 Verb Phrase types
• 4.1.3.1 Finite Verb Phrase (VPfin)
• 4.1.3.2 Nonfinite Verb Phrase
• 4.1.4 Clause Types
• 4.1.4.1 Finite Clause
• 4.1.4.2 Nonfinite Clause
• 4.1.5 Subordinate Clause (Sub) with subordinating conjunction
• 4.1.6 Adjective Phrase Types
• 4.1.7 Adverb Phrase (AVP)
• 4.1.8 Quantifier Phrases (QUANT)
• 4.1.9 Quote (QUO)
• 4.2 Phrase Type Labels for Noun Phrases
• 4.2.1 Non-referential NPs
• 4.2.2 Possessive Noun Phrase (Poss)
• 4.2.3 Non-maximal Nominal (N)
• 4.2.4 Standard Noun Phrase (NP)
• 4.3 Phrase Type Labels for Prepositional Phrases
• 4.3.1 Particles
• 4.3.2 Prepositional Verbs
• 4.3.3 Complex Prepositions
• 4.3.4 Preposition Stranding
• 4.3.5 Prepositional Phrases with Relative Clauses
• 4.4 Phrase Type Labels for Verb Phrases
• 4.4.1 Finite Verb Phrases (VPfin)
• 4.4.2 Non-finite Verb Phrases
• 4.4.2.1 Bare stem infinitives (VPbrst)
• 4.4.2.2 To-marked Infinitives (VPto)
• 4.4.2.3 Verb Phrase Relatives(VPtorel)
• 4.4.2.4 Participial Verb Phrases (VPed)
• 4.4.2.5 Gerundive Verb Phrases (VPing)
• 4.5 Phrase Type Labels for Clauses
• 4.5.1 Absolutive non-finite clauses
• 4.5.2 Declarative Finite Complement clauses (Sfin)
• 4.5.3 Wh-interrogative Clauses (Sinterrog)
• 4.5.4 Whether-if Interrogative Clauses (Swhether)
• 4.5.5 Gerundive Clauses  (Sing)
• 4.5.6 Finite relative clauses (Srel)
• 4.5.7 To-marked clauses (Sto)
• 4.5.8 For-to-marked clauses (Sforto)
• 4.5.9 Bare stem clauses (Sbrst)
• 4.5.10 Subordinate Clauses (Sub)
• 4.6 Phrase Type Labels for Adjective Phrases
• 4.6.1 Standard Adjective Phrase (AJP)
• 4.6.2 Non-maximal Adjectival (A)
• 4.6.3 Adjectives with Complements
• 4.7 Phrase Type Labels for Adverb Phrases (AVP)
• 4.8 Phrase Type Labels for Quantifiers (QUANT)
• 4.9 Phrase Type Labels for Quotes (QUO)
• 5 Assigning Grammatical Functions
• 5.1 List of Grammatical Functions
• 5.1.1 Grammatical Functions assigned by Target Verbs
• 5.1.2 Grammatical Functions assigned by Target Adjectives
• 5.1.3 Grammatical Functions assigned by Target Prepositions
• 5.1.4 Grammatical Functions assigned by Target Nouns
• 5.2 Assigning GFs for Verbs
• 5.2.1 External Argument (Ext)
• 5.2.2 Object (Obj)
• 5.2.3 Dependent (Dep)
• 5.2.3.1 PP Dependents
• 5.2.3.2 Verbal and Clausal Complements
• 5.3 Assigning GFs for Adjectives
• 5.3.1 External Arguments of adjectives
• 5.3.2 Modified head nouns with pre-nominal adjectives
• 5.3.3 Post-nominal adjectives
• 5.3.4 Adverbial Modifiers of Adjectives
• 5.3.5 PP complements of Adjectives
• 5.3.6 N complements of Adjectives
• 5.4 Assigning GFs for Adverbs
• 5.5 Assigning GFs for Prepositions
• 5.5.1 Dependents of prepositions
• 5.5.2 External Arguments of prepositions
• 5.6 Assigning GFs for Nouns
• 5.6.1 Dependents of Nouns (Dep)
• 5.6.2 External arguments of Nouns (Ext)
• 5.6.3 Genitive determiner of noun (Gen)
• 5.6.4 Quantificational determiners (Quant)
• 5.6.5 Appositives (Appos)
• 6 Semantic Relations and Types
• 6.1 Frame-to-frame Relations
• 6.1.1 Inheritance
• 6.1.2 Perspective_on
• 6.1.3 SubFrames
• 6.1.4 Precedes
• 6.1.5 Causative_of and Inchoative_of
• 6.1.6 Using
• 6.1.7 See_also
• 6.2 Semantic Type
• 6.2.1 Ontological Types
• 6.2.2 Framal_type
• 6.2.2.1 Non-lexical_frame
• 6.2.2.2 Non-perspectivalized_frame
• 6.2.3 Lexical_type
• 6.2.3.1 Transparent_nouns
• 6.2.3.2 Bound_LU
• Support
• Bound_dependent
• 6.2.3.3 Biframal_LU
• Guest_LU
• Agentive_noun
• Participating_entity
• Tendency_grading_LU
• 6.2.3.4 Affect_describing: Positive- and Negative_judgement
• 6.2.3.5 LU_with_FE_specified
• Degree_specified_LU (Negative and End_of_scale)
• Sensory_related_LU
• 6.3 How to use relations
• 6.3.1 Looking up related words
• 6.3.2 Comparing to other systems of semantic annotation
• 6.3.3 Paraphrase and translation
• 6.3.3.1 Differences in LUs: Semantic Types and WN
• Degree differences, especially antonymy
• Supertypes and synonyms
• Interchanging part-of-speech of targets
• 6.3.3.2 Paraphrasing FEs with different PTs
• 6.3.3.3 Paraphrasing by omission
• 6.3.4 Inferencing
• 6.3.4.1 Logical relations of FEs and LUs to Frames
• 6.3.4.2 Inheritance
• 6.3.5 Propagation of Information
• 6.3.5.1 Propagation of types on FEs
• 6.3.5.2 Propagation of usage information for frame parsing
• 7 Consistency Management in FrameNet
• 7.1 The Technical Architecture of FrameNet
• 7.2 Techniques for Managing Quality
• 7.3 Tolerant Quality Management
• 7.4 Achievements
• 8 Major Extra-thematic Frame Elements
• 8.1 FEs related to temporal structure
• 8.1.1 Duration
• 8.1.1.1 Duration as a peripheral frame element
• 8.1.1.2 Period of iterations
• 8.1.1.3 Duration of final state
• 8.1.2 Frequency
• 8.1.3 Iteration
• 8.1.4 *Particular iteration
• 8.2 FEs related to places
• 8.2.1 Location of protagonist
• 8.2.2 Subregion
• 8.2.3 Point of contact
• 8.3 FEs related to additional participants
• 8.3.1 Recipient
• 8.3.2 Beneficiary
• 8.3.3 *Maleficiary
• 8.3.4 Co_participant
• 8.3.5 Cotheme
• 8.4 FEs describing participants
• 8.4.1 Role
• 8.4.2 Depictive
• 8.5 FEs describing events
• 8.5.1 *Event_description
• 8.5.2 Re_encoding
• 8.5.2.1 Differentiating Re_encoding from Event_description
• 8.6 FEs related to co-occurring events and circumstances
• 8.6.1 Circumstances
• 8.6.2 Containing_event
• 8.6.2.1 Differentiating Containing_events from Re_encoding
• 8.6.2.2 Differentiating Containing_events from Time
• 8.6.3 *Coordinated event
• 8.6.4 *Correlated_variable
• 8.7 FEs related to the causal chain
• 8.7.1 Explanation
• 8.7.2 FEs replaced by Explanation
• 8.7.2.1 #Reason
• 8.7.2.2 #Cause
• 8.7.3 *Excess
• 8.7.4 Causal FEs based on Emotional and Cognitive-states: Internal and External Cause
• 8.7.5 Internal_cause
• 8.7.6 External_cause
• 8.7.7 *Concessive
• 8.7.8 *Apparent_conclusion
• 8.7.9 Reciprocation
• 8.8 Other
• 8.8.1 Degree
• 8.9 Constructionally induced interpretations
• 8.9.1 Constructions not labeled as Extra-Thematic FEs
• 8.9.2 Speech Act Construction
• 8.9.3 Epistemic Construction
• 8.9.4 Second-layer annotation of certain contextually induced interpretations
• References
• 9 Index
• Footnotes

9 Index

Symbols A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Symbols

*Concessive (FE)

A

adjective phrase
adjective phrase!non-maximal
adjective phrase!standard
adjective phrase!standard
adjective phrase!types
adjectives!external argument of
adjectives!non-maximal
adjectives!post-nominal
adjectives!with complements
adjectives!with support verbs
adjuncts
adverb phrase
adverbs
annotation layers
annotation!full-text
annotation!lexicographic
annotation!of noun targets
AP|seeadjective phrase
artifact nouns
artifact nouns
aspect
AVP|seeadverb phrase

B

bare stem clauses|seeclauses
Bare stem infinitives|seeVP
Beneficiary (FE)
biframal LU| see lexical unit, biframal
bound dependent
bound LU|see lexical unit, bound

C

causative
Circumstances (FE)
clauses
clauses!bare stem
clauses!declarative finite complement
clauses!for-to marked clauses
clauses!gerundive
clauses!purpose clauses
clauses!that-clauses
clauses!types
clauses!wh-clauses
clauses!whether-if interrogatives
clauses!how-clauses
clauses!to-marked clauses
CNI|seenull instantiation, constructional
complements!NPs as
compounds
conflation of frame elements
constituency!prepositional verbs
control
Controller
copula
copula
coreness set
CoreSet|seecoreness set
core|seeframe element, core
Cotheme (FE)

D

Degree (FE)
dependents
Depictive (FE)
determiner!quantificational
discontinuities!adjectives and their complements
discontinuities!quotes
ditransitives
DNI|seenull instatiation, definite
double object sentences
Duration (FE)
Duration of final state (FE)

E

event nouns
evoke (a frame)
Excess (FE)
existential
existential tag
Explanation (FE)
expletives
external argument
external argument
external argument!of adjective
external argument!of preposition
external argument!of verbs

F

FE|seeframe element
Finite VP|seeVP
for-to clauses|seeclauses
frame bearing
frame development
frame element bindings
frame element!"core-unexpressed"
frame element!core
frame element!core
frame element!core!formal properties
frame element!definition of
frame element!extra-thematic
frame element!peripheral
Frame Semantics
frame!definition of
frame!non-lexical
frame!non-perspectival
Frequency (FE)

G

genitive determiner
gerunds!as complements of prepositions|seeprepositional phrase
gerunds!gerundive clauses|seeclauses
gerunds!gerundive verb phrases|seeverb phrase
Governor
grammatical function
grammatical function
grammatical function!with object control
grammatical function!with tough predicates
guest LU|seelexical unit, guest

H

how-clauses|seeclauses

I

inchoative
indefinite null instantiation
inferencing
infinitives|seeVP
inheritance
INI
instructional imperatives
is-a relation
Iteration (FE)

J

judgement (semantic type)!negative
judgement (semantic type)!positive

L

Lexical Functions
lexical unit
lexical unit!biframal
lexical unit!bound
lexical unit!guest
lexical unit!multi-word
lexical unit!semantic types on
lexicographic relevance
Location of protagonist (FE)
LU|seelexical unit

M

Maleficiary (FE)
modifiers
modifiers!AP
modifiers!post-nominal
modifiers!qualitative
modifiers!relational
modifiers!relational
multi-word expression (MWE)

N

nominals!non-maximal
non-core frame element|seeframe element, preipheral and extra-thematic
Non-finite VP|seeVP
non-maximal adjective|seeadjective
noun compounds
noun phrase!non-referential
noun phrase!possessive
noun phrase!standard
noun phrase!types
nouns!and copular sentences
nouns!GFs for
nouns!GFs for
NP complements|seecomplements
null instantiation
null instantiation
null instantiation!constructional
null instantiation!constructional
null instantiation!definite
null instantiation!definite
Null label
Null label

O

object
object control!grammatical functions
ontological type|seetype, ontological
Other layer

P

paraphase
particles|seeprepositional phrase
Particular iteration (FE)
Period of iterations (FE)
Point of contact (FE)
POS layer
PP!particles
prepositional phrase!complex prepositions
prepositional phrase!particles
prepositional phrase!particles
prepositional phrase!preposition stranding
prepositional phrase!preposition stranding
prepositional phrase!prepositional verbs
prepositional phrase!prepositional verbs!constituency
prepositional phrase!test for identifying particles
prepositional phrase!with gerundive complement
prepositional phrase!with relative clauses
prepositional phrase!types
prepositional verbs|seeprepositional phrase
prepositions!external argument of

Q

Quantifier
quantifiers
Quote
quotes
quotes!direct
quotes!discontinuities|seediscontinuities
quotes!indirect

R

raising
Recipient (FE)
Reciprocation (FE)
relation!frame-to-frame!causative_of
relation!frame-to-frame!using
relational modifiers
relational nouns
relations!frame element
relations!frame-to-frame
relations!frame-to-frame!inchoative_of and causative_of
relations!frame-to-frame!inheritance
relations!frame-to-frame!perspective on
relations!frame-to-frame!precedes
relations!frame-to-frame!see_also
relations!frame-to-frame!subframe
relations!frame-to-frame!using
relative clauses!reduced
Role (FE)

S

semantic roles
semantic type
semantic type
sensory-related LU
setting expressions
slot filler
small clauses
small clauses
subcategorization
subframes
Subregion (FE)
support!expressions
support!prepositions
support!verb
support!verbs!with adjectives

T

tendancy grading LU
that-clauses|seeclauses
that|seeclauses
to-clauses|seeclauses
tough-movement
tough-predicates
transparent nouns
transparent nouns
type, framal
type, lexical
type, ontological

U

Use

V

valence
verb phrase
verb phrase!bare stem infinitives
verb phrase!finite
verb phrase!gerundive
verb phrase!non-finite
verb phrase!to-marked infinitives
verb phrase!types
VP|seeverb phrase

W

wh-clauses|seeclauses
whether-clauses|seeclauses